Work-Energy for a Block Pulled on a Spring

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Work and Energy Beginner work-energy

Source: Principles of Physics

Problem

A block lies on a horizontal frictionless surface, attached to a spring with spring constant $k$. Initially, the spring is at its relaxed length and the block is stationary at position $x=0$. Then, a constant applied force of magnitude $F$ pulls the block in the positive $x$ direction, stretching the spring until the block momentarily stops.

  1. What is the position of the block when it stops?
  2. What is the work done on the block by the applied force?
  3. What is the work done on the block by the spring force?
  4. At what position is the block's kinetic energy maximum?
  5. What is the value of the maximum kinetic energy?

[Q1] $x_f = \frac{2F}{k}$ [Q2] $W_F = \frac{2F^2}{k}$ [Q3] $W_s = -\frac{2F^2}{k}$ [Q4] $x_{maxK} = \frac{F}{k}$ [Q5] $K_{max} = \frac{F^2}{2k}$

Let $x_f$ be the final position where the block stops. The block starts and ends at rest, so the total change in kinetic energy is zero, $\Delta K = 0$.

By the work-energy theorem, the net work done on the block is equal to the change in its kinetic energy:

$$W_{net} = W_F + W_s = \Delta K = 0$$

The work done by the constant applied force $F$ is $W_F = Fx_f$. The work done by the spring is $W_s = -\frac{1}{2}kx_f^2$.

[Q1] Substitute the work expressions into the work-energy theorem:

$$Fx_f - \frac{1}{2}kx_f^2 = 0$$

Since $x_f eq 0$, we can divide by $x_f$ to find the final position:

$$F - \frac{1}{2}kx_f = 0 \implies x_f = \frac{2F}{k}$$

[Q2] The work done by the applied force is:

$$W_F = Fx_f = F\left(\frac{2F}{k}\right) = \frac{2F^2}{k}$$

[Q3] The work done by the spring force is:

$$W_s = -\frac{1}{2}kx_f^2 = -\frac{1}{2}k\left(\frac{2F}{k}\right)^2 = -\frac{2F^2}{k}$$

Note that $W_F + W_s = 0$, as expected.

[Q4] The kinetic energy is maximum when the net force on the block is zero, as this is the point of maximum velocity.

$$F_{net} = F - F_s = F - kx = 0$$

Solving for the position $x_{maxK}$ where kinetic energy is maximum:

$$x_{maxK} = \frac{F}{k}$$

[Q5] To find the maximum kinetic energy $K_{max}$, we apply the work-energy theorem from the start ($x=0$) to the position $x_{maxK}$. The initial kinetic energy is $K_i=0$.

$$K_{max} = W_{net}(0 \to x_{maxK}) = W_F + W_s$$ $$W_F = Fx_{maxK} = F\left(\frac{F}{k}\right) = \frac{F^2}{k}$$ $$W_s = -\frac{1}{2}kx_{maxK}^2 = -\frac{1}{2}k\left(\frac{F}{k}\right)^2 = -\frac{F^2}{2k}$$

The maximum kinetic energy is the sum of these work terms:

$$K_{max} = \frac{F^2}{k} - \frac{F^2}{2k} = \frac{F^2}{2k}$$