Friction between scissors and circular wire

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Dynamics Intermediate Friction

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Problem Sets:

Dynamics set 1009

Problem

A pair of scissors are used to cut a wire of circular cross section and negligible weight. As the scissors clamps, the wire slides away from the hinge until the angle between the scissors blades becomes $2\alpha$. Find the friction coefficient $\mu$ between the blades and the wire. Assuming the static and kinetic friction is the same.

P0446-problem-1

P0446-problem-1

Hints

Hint 1:

The friction coefficient $\mu$ between the blades and the wire is given by:

$$ \mu = \tan\alpha $$

We analyze the forces acting on the wire at the moment it stops sliding. The wire is in a state of limiting static equilibrium. Let the axis of the wire be the x-axis, with the origin at the hinge of the scissors. The wire tends to slide in the +x direction (away from the hinge).

  1. Free-Body Diagram and Forces: Consider a cross-section of the wire in the plane of the scissors. The two blades make an angle $2\alpha$ with each other. By symmetry, each blade makes an angle $\alpha$ with the wire's axis (the x-axis).

    Each blade exerts two forces on the wire at the point of contact:

    • A normal force $N$, perpendicular to the blade.
    • A friction force $f$, parallel to the blade.

    Since the wire tends to slide away from the hinge (in the +x direction), the friction force on each blade opposes this motion and points towards the hinge.

    Let's resolve these forces into components parallel (x-direction) and perpendicular (y-direction) to the wire's axis.

    • For the top blade (at angle $+\alpha$ to the x-axis):

      • The normal force $N$ points downwards and outwards. Its x-component is $N_x = N \sin\alpha$ and its y-component is $N_y = -N \cos\alpha$.
      • The friction force $f$ points inwards. Its x-component is $f_x = -f \cos\alpha$ and its y-component is $f_y = -f \sin\alpha$.
    • For the bottom blade (at angle $-\alpha$ to the x-axis):

      • By symmetry, the normal force has components $N_x = N \sin\alpha$ and $N_y = N \cos\alpha$.
      • The friction force has components $f_x = -f \cos\alpha$ and $f_y = f \sin\alpha$.
  2. Equilibrium Conditions: For the wire to be in equilibrium, the net force in all directions must be zero.

    • Perpendicular to the wire (y-direction): The sum of the y-components is $\sum F_y = (-N\cos\alpha - f\sin\alpha) + (N\cos\alpha + f\sin\alpha) = 0$. This condition is satisfied by symmetry.
    • Along the wire (x-direction): The outward push from the normal forces must be balanced by the inward pull from the friction forces.
    $$ \sum F_x = (N \sin\alpha + N \sin\alpha) + (-f \cos\alpha - f \cos\alpha) = 0 $$ $$ 2N \sin\alpha - 2f \cos\alpha = 0 $$ $$ N \sin\alpha = f \cos\alpha $$
  3. Friction Law: The wire is on the verge of slipping, so the static friction force is at its maximum value:

    $$ f = f_{s, \text{max}} = \mu N $$

    where $\mu$ is the coefficient of static friction.

  4. Derivation of the Friction Coefficient: Substitute the expression for friction $f$ into the equilibrium equation for the x-direction:

    $$ N \sin\alpha = (\mu N) \cos\alpha $$

    Since the blades are in contact with the wire, $N eq 0$, so we can divide both sides by $N$:

    $$ \sin\alpha = \mu \cos\alpha $$

    Solving for the friction coefficient $\mu$:

    $$ \mu = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\alpha} = \tan\alpha $$

The result shows that the wire will slide out until the angle $\alpha$ becomes small enough that the friction can prevent further slipping, a condition determined solely by the coefficient of friction.