Maximum Speed of a Car on a Curved Road

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Dynamics Beginner Circular Motion

Source: High school physics (Chinese)

Problem

A car with a mass of 100 kg is traveling on a horizontal curved road with a radius of 300 m. The coefficient of static friction between the car and the road surface is 0.3.

To ensure the car does not slide sideways, what is the maximum speed the car can have?

The maximum speed is given by the expression:

$$v_{\text{max}} = \sqrt{\mu_s g r}$$

The maximum speed the car can have is:

$$ v_{\text{max}} = 29.7 \text{ m/s} $$

For the car to travel in a circular path, a centripetal force is required. This force is provided by the static friction, $f_s$, between the tires and the road, directed towards the center of the curve.

Applying Newton's second law in the vertical direction, the normal force $N$ balances the gravitational force $mg$:

$$ \sum F_y = N - mg = 0 \implies N = mg $$

In the horizontal (radial) direction, the static friction provides the centripetal force, $F_c = ma_c$, where the centripetal acceleration is $a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}$:

$$ \sum F_r = f_s = m\frac{v^2}{r} $$

The static friction force has a maximum value, $f_{s, \text{max}} = \mu_s N$. The maximum speed, $v_{\text{max}}$, is achieved when the required centripetal force equals this maximum available static friction.

$$ f_{s, \text{max}} = m\frac{v_{\text{max}}^2}{r} $$

Substituting $f_{s, \text{max}} = \mu_s N$ and $N = mg$:

$$ \mu_s (mg) = m\frac{v_{\text{max}}^2}{r} $$

Solving for $v_{\text{max}}$, we find that the mass $m$ cancels out:

$$ \mu_s g = \frac{v_{\text{max}}^2}{r} $$ $$ v_{\text{max}} = \sqrt{\mu_s g r} $$

Now, we substitute the given values: $\mu_s = 0.3$, $r = 300$ m, and using $g = 9.8$ m/s$^2$.

$$ v_{\text{max}} = \sqrt{(0.3)(9.8 \text{ m/s}^2)(300 \text{ m})} $$ $$ v_{\text{max}} = \sqrt{882 \text{ m}^2/\text{s}^2} $$ $$ v_{\text{max}} \approx 29.7 \text{ m/s} $$