Object on an Inclined Plane with Friction

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Dynamics Intermediate Incline Friction

Source: High school physics (Chinese)

Problem

An inclined plane has a length $L=5$ m and height $H=3$ m. At the bottom, there is an object A with mass $m=5$ kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between A and the plane is $\mu=0.3$. A horizontal force $F=100$ N pushes A, causing it to move up the incline from rest. After A has moved a distance $s_0=2$ m along the incline, the force F is removed. Assume $g=10$ m/s².

How much time will it take for A to return to the bottom of the incline, starting from the moment the force is removed?

The total time for the object to return to the bottom of the incline after the force is removed is given by $T = t_{up} + t_{down}$. The key formulas for the motion phases are:

  • Acceleration while pushed: $a_1 = \frac{F\cos\theta - mg\sin\theta - \mu(mg\cos\theta + F\sin\theta)}{m}$
  • Deceleration moving up: $a_2 = -g(\sin\theta + \mu\cos\theta)$
  • Acceleration moving down: $a_3 = g(\sin\theta - \mu\cos\theta)$

The required time is calculated as:

$$T = \frac{\sqrt{2a_1s_0}}{|a_2|} + \sqrt{\frac{2(s_0 + \frac{a_1s_0}{|a_2|})}{a_3}}$$

Substituting the derived values for $a_1, a_2, a_3, s_0$:

$$T = \left( \frac{10}{21} + \sqrt{\frac{310}{189}} \right) \text{ s} \approx 1.76 \text{ s}$$

1. System Parameters and Strategy The inclined plane has an angle $\theta$ such that $\sin\theta = H/L = 3/5 = 0.6$ and $\cos\theta = \sqrt{1-\sin^2\theta} = 4/5 = 0.8$. The problem requires finding the total time for the object to return to the bottom, starting from the moment the force $F$ is removed. This time is the sum of two parts:

  1. $t_{up}$: The time to travel from the point of force removal ($s_0=2$ m) to the highest point on the incline.
  2. $t_{down}$: The time to slide from the highest point back to the bottom.

First, we must find the object's velocity, $v_1$, at the moment the force is removed.

2. Phase 1: Motion with Applied Force We define the coordinate system with the x-axis pointing up the incline. While the horizontal force $F$ is applied, the normal force $N_1$ is:

$$N_1 = mg\cos\theta + F\sin\theta$$

The net force along the incline produces acceleration $a_1$:

$$ma_1 = F\cos\theta - mg\sin\theta - f_{k1}$$

where the kinetic friction is $f_{k1} = \mu N_1 = \mu(mg\cos\theta + F\sin\theta)$. The acceleration is:

$$a_1 = \frac{F\cos\theta - mg\sin\theta - \mu(mg\cos\theta + F\sin\theta)}{m}$$

Substituting values:

$a_1 = \frac{100(0.8) - 5(10)(0.6) - 0.3(5(10)(0.8) + 100(0.6))}{5} = \frac{80 - 30 - 0.3(40 + 60)}{5} = \frac{50 - 30}{5} = 4.0 \text{ m/s}^2$

The velocity $v_1$ after traveling a distance $s_0$ from rest is:

$$v_1 = \sqrt{2a_1s_0} = \sqrt{2(4.0)(2)} = 4.0 \text{ m/s}$$

3. Phase 2: Upward Motion After Force Removal With force $F$ removed, the normal force becomes $N_2 = mg\cos\theta$. The object decelerates with $a_2$ due to gravity and friction, both acting down the incline.

$$ma_2 = -mg\sin\theta - \mu N_2 = -mg\sin\theta - \mu mg\cos\theta$$ $$a_2 = -g(\sin\theta + \mu\cos\theta)$$ $a_2 = -10(0.6 + 0.3 \cdot 0.8) = -10(0.84) = -8.4 \text{ m/s}^2$

The time $t_{up}$ to reach the highest point (where velocity is zero) is:

$$t_{up} = \frac{0 - v_1}{a_2} = \frac{-4.0}{-8.4} = \frac{10}{21} \text{ s}$$

4. Phase 3: Downward Motion to the Bottom To find the time to slide down, we first need the total distance from the highest point to the bottom. This is $s_{down} = s_0 + s_{up}$, where $s_{up}$ is the distance traveled during Phase 2.

$$s_{up} = \frac{0^2 - v_1^2}{2a_2} = \frac{-(4.0)^2}{2(-8.4)} = \frac{16}{16.8} = \frac{20}{21} \text{ m}$$

So, the total distance to slide down is $s_{down} = 2 + \frac{20}{21} = \frac{62}{21}$ m. During downward motion, the gravitational component pulls the object down while friction opposes it (acts up). The acceleration $a_3$ is:

$$ma_3 = mg\sin\theta - \mu mg\cos\theta$$ $$a_3 = g(\sin\theta - \mu\cos\theta)$$ $a_3 = 10(0.6 - 0.3 \cdot 0.8) = 10(0.36) = 3.6 \text{ m/s}^2$

Since $a_3 > 0$, the object slides down. The time $t_{down}$ to travel $s_{down}$ from rest is:

$$t_{down} = \sqrt{\frac{2s_{down}}{a_3}} = \sqrt{\frac{2(62/21)}{3.6}} = \sqrt{\frac{310}{189}} \text{ s}$$

5. Total Time The total time to return to the bottom after the force is removed is $T = t_{up} + t_{down}$.

$$T = \frac{10}{21} + \sqrt{\frac{310}{189}} \approx 0.476 + 1.281 \approx 1.757 \text{ s}$$