Minimum Work to Kick a Soccer Ball

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Kinematics Advanced projectile

Source: Physics Competition - Mechanics

Problem Sets:

difficult projectile problems Kinematics set 3

Problem

A soccer player kicks a ball from a penalty spot, which is located at a horizontal distance $s = 11$ m from the goal. The ball is kicked such that it passes just under the center of the crossbar, scoring a goal. The height of the crossbar from the ground is $h = 2.5$ m. The mass of the soccer ball is $m = 0.5$ kg. Air resistance is considered negligible.

Find the minimum amount of work the player must do on the soccer ball.

The minimum work the player must do on the ball is given by the formula:

$$W_{min} = \frac{1}{2}mg(h + \sqrt{h^2+s^2})$$

Substituting the given values:

$$W_{min} \approx 33.8 \text{ J}$$

By the Work-Energy Theorem, the work done by the player on the ball (initially at rest) is equal to the initial kinetic energy imparted to it:

$$W = K_0 = \frac{1}{2}mv_0^2$$

To find the minimum work $W_{min}$, we must find the minimum initial speed $v_0$ required for the ball to reach the target point $(x,y) = (s,h)$.

The trajectory of a projectile is given by:

$$y = x \tan\theta - \frac{gx^2}{2v_0^2 \cos^2\theta}$$

Using the identity $1/\cos^2\theta = 1 + \tan^2\theta$, we can rewrite this as a quadratic equation for $u = \tan\theta$:

$$\left(\frac{gx^2}{2v_0^2}\right)u^2 - (x)u + \left(y + \frac{gx^2}{2v_0^2}\right) = 0$$

For a point $(x,y)$ to be reachable, there must be a real solution for $\tan\theta$. This requires the discriminant of the quadratic equation ($\Delta = B^2 - 4AC$) to be non-negative:

$$(-x)^2 - 4\left(\frac{gx^2}{2v_0^2}\right)\left(y + \frac{gx^2}{2v_0^2}\right) \ge 0$$

Dividing by $x^2$ (for $x eq 0$) and rearranging gives the condition for reachability:

$$v_0^4 - 2gyv_0^2 - g^2x^2 \ge 0$$

The minimum speed required to reach a point occurs when that point lies on the boundary of the reachable region (the "parabola of safety"), where the equality holds. Substituting $(x,y) = (s,h)$:

$$(v_0^2)^2 - (2gh)v_0^2 - (g^2s^2) = 0$$

This is a quadratic equation for $v_0^2$. Solving for $v_0^2$ yields:

$$v_0^2 = \frac{2gh \pm \sqrt{(2gh)^2 - 4(1)(-g^2s^2)}}{2} = gh \pm g\sqrt{h^2+s^2}$$

Since $v_0^2$ must be positive, and $\sqrt{h^2+s^2} > h$, we must take the positive root:

$$(v_0^2)_{min} = g(h + \sqrt{h^2+s^2})$$

The minimum work is then found by substituting this minimum initial speed squared into the work-energy equation:

$$W_{min} = \frac{1}{2}m(v_0^2)_{min} = \frac{1}{2}mg(h + \sqrt{h^2+s^2})$$

Now, we substitute the given values: $m = 0.5$ kg, $s = 11$ m, $h = 2.5$ m, and $g \approx 9.8$ m/s$^2$.

$$\sqrt{h^2+s^2} = \sqrt{(2.5)^2 + (11)^2} = \sqrt{6.25 + 121} = \sqrt{127.25} \approx 11.28 \text{ m}$$ $$W_{min} = \frac{1}{2}(0.5 \text{ kg})(9.8 \text{ m/s}^2)(2.5 \text{ m} + 11.28 \text{ m})$$ $$W_{min} = (2.45 \text{ N})(13.78 \text{ m}) \approx 33.76 \text{ J}$$