Vertical Oscillation with Two Springs

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Waves and Sound Advanced Oscillations Spring

Source: Physics Competition - Mechanics

Problem

A small ball of mass $m$ is connected between two light vertical elastic ropes. The other ends of the ropes are fixed at points O (above) and O' (below) on the same vertical line. The spring constants are $k_1$ for the upper rope and $k_2$ for the lower rope. When the ball is at rest at its equilibrium position C, the upper and lower ropes are stretched by lengths $l_1$ and $l_2$ respectively. The ball is then pulled vertically downward by a distance $A$ from C and released from rest.

Find the time required for the ball to return to the release point for the first time.
Problem diagram

Problem diagram

$T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{k_1 l_1 - k_2 l_2}{g(k_1 + k_2)}}$

First, determine the mass $m$ of the ball from the static equilibrium condition at position C. The upward force from the top spring must balance the gravitational force and the downward force from the bottom spring.

$$k_1 l_1 = mg + k_2 l_2$$ $$m = \frac{k_1 l_1 - k_2 l_2}{g}$$

Next, determine the effective spring constant $k_{eff}$ for oscillations around the equilibrium point. If the ball is displaced by a distance $y$ downwards from C, the net restoring force $F_{restore}$ is:

$$F_{restore} = (mg + k_2(l_2+y)) - k_1(l_1+y)$$ $$F_{restore} = (mg + k_2 l_2 - k_1 l_1) - (k_1+k_2)y$$

Since the term in the first parenthesis is zero from the equilibrium condition, the restoring force is $F_{restore} = -(k_1 + k_2)y$. This is a simple harmonic motion with an effective spring constant $k_{eff} = k_1 + k_2$.

The period of oscillation $T$ is given by:

$$T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{m}{k_{eff}}}$$

Substituting the expressions for $m$ and $k_{eff}$:

$$T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{(k_1 l_1 - k_2 l_2)/g}{k_1 + k_2}}$$

The time to return to the release point for the first time is one full period $T$.