Source: High school physics (Chinese)
Problem Sets:
Problem
On the floor, there is a bucket full of water, where the water surface is at a height H. A small hole is opened on the bucket wall at a depth h below the water surface.
The problem combines fluid dynamics (Torricelli's Law) and projectile motion.
First, determine the exit velocity $v$ of the water from the hole using Torricelli's Law. The velocity of efflux from a hole at a depth $h$ is equivalent to the speed of an object falling freely from that height.
$$v = \sqrt{2gh}$$Next, analyze the projectile motion of the water stream. The stream is launched horizontally from a height of $(H-h)$ above the floor. The time of flight $t$ can be found from the vertical motion equation, where the initial vertical velocity is zero.
$$H-h = \frac{1}{2}gt^2$$Solving for time $t$:
$$t = \sqrt{\frac{2(H-h)}{g}}$$The horizontal range $R$ is the product of the constant horizontal velocity $v$ and the time of flight $t$.
$$R = v \cdot t$$Substituting the expressions for $v$ and $t$:
$$R = \sqrt{2gh} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2(H-h)}{g}}$$ $$R = \sqrt{4h(H-h)}$$ $$R = 2\sqrt{h(H-h)}$$