Proof of Force Couple Torque Properties

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Rotational Motion Beginner rigid body dynamics

Source: High school physics (Chinese)

Problem Sets:

Rigid body - 1111

Problem

A pair of forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, but whose lines of action do not coincide, is called a force couple. The perpendicular distance between their lines of action, $l$, is called the couple arm.

Prove that the torque produced by a couple is independent of the choice of the axis of rotation (pivot point) and is always equal to the product of the couple arm and the magnitude of one of the forces.
$\tau = Fl$

Let the two forces be $\vec{F}_1$ and $\vec{F}_2$, with magnitudes $F_1 = F_2 = F$ and directions $\vec{F}_1 = -\vec{F}_2$. Let the perpendicular distance between their lines of action be $l$.

Choose an arbitrary pivot point O. Let the perpendicular distance from O to the line of action of $\vec{F}_1$ be $d_1$, and to the line of action of $\vec{F}_2$ be $d_2$.

Case 1: The pivot O is located between the lines of action of the two forces. The two forces create torques in the same rotational direction. The total torque is the sum of the individual torques:

$$\tau = \tau_1 + \tau_2 = F d_1 + F d_2 = F(d_1 + d_2)$$

From the geometry, the sum of the perpendicular distances from the pivot to the lines of action is equal to the couple arm, $d_1 + d_2 = l$.

$$\tau = Fl$$

Case 2: The pivot O is located outside the lines of action of the two forces. The two forces create torques in opposite rotational directions. Assume the line of action of $\vec{F}_2$ is farther from O. The net torque is the difference between the individual torques:

$$\tau = \tau_2 - \tau_1 = F d_2 - F d_1 = F(d_2 - d_1)$$

From the geometry, the difference between the perpendicular distances from the pivot to the lines of action is equal to the couple arm, $d_2 - d_1 = l$.

$$\tau = Fl$$

In both cases, the torque is $\tau = Fl$. Since the location of the pivot O was arbitrary, the torque of the couple is independent of the pivot point and is equal to the product of the force magnitude and the couple arm.